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1 гоняться за почестями
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2 гоняться
(за тв.)1) ( преследовать) chase (d), pursue (d); ( на охоте) hunt (d)2) разг. ( добиваться чего-л) run (after), hunt (after); seek (after) книжн.гоня́ться за по́честями — seek after honours
гоня́ться за сла́вой — hunt after fame
3) разг. (искать знакомства, особ. любовного) run (after)гоня́ться за же́нщинами — chase women
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3 ганятися
1) ( переслідувати) to chase, to pursue; ( на полюванні) to hunt -
4 гоняться
(за тв.; преследовать)гоняться за почестями — seek* after honours
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5 Court
subs.Of a house: P. and V. αὐλή, ἡ (Plat.).Of the court, adj.: P. and V. αὔλειος (Plat.), V. ἕρκειος; see fore-court.Palace: Ar. and P. βασίλεια, τά.Court of justice: Ar. and P. δίκαστήριον, τό.Concretely, the judges: P. and V. δικασταί, οἱ.Bring into court, v.: P. εἰς δικαστήριον ἄγειν.Produce in court: P. ἐμφανῶς παρέχειν (acc.).Rule out of court: Ar. and P. διαγράφειν.Courtship, subs.: V. μνηστεύματα, τά.Pay court to: see v., court.Pay your court to another woman: ἄλλης ἐκπόνει μνηστεύματα γυναικός (Eur., Hel. 1514).——————v. trans.Seek in marriage: P. and V. μνηστεύειν (Plat.).Generally, seek one's favour: Ar. and P. θεραπεύειν (acc.).Seek after: P. and V. μετέρχεσθαι (acc.), ζητεῖν (acc.), θηρεύειν (acc.), V. θηρᾶν (or mid.).Challenge: P. προκαλεῖσθαι.Suitors foremost in the land of Greece courted her: V. μνηστῆρες ᾔτουν Ἑλλάδος πρῶτοι χθονός (Eur., El. 21).A thankless crew are ye who court the honours paid to demagogues: V. ἀχάριστον ὑμῶν σπέρμʼ ὅσοι δημηγόρους ζηλοῦτε τιμάς (Eur., Hec. 254).Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Court
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6 honneur
c black honneur [ɔnœʀ]1. masculine noun• être à l'honneur [personne, pays] to have the place of honour ; [mode, style, produit] to be much in evidenceb. ( = mérite) creditc. (formules de politesse) je suis ravi de vous rencontrer -- tout l'honneur est pour moi delighted to meet you -- the pleasure is all mine• j'ai l'honneur de solliciter... I am writing to ask...• à qui ai-je l'honneur ? who am I speaking to, please?• faire honneur à [+ engagements, signature, traite] to honour ; [+ sa famille] to be a credit to ; [+ repas] to do justice toc black2. plural masculine noun━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━✎ Le mot anglais s'écrit avec un seul n.* * *ɔnœʀ
1.
nom masculin1) ( fierté) honour [BrE] [U]s'être engagé sur l'honneur à faire — to be honour [BrE] bound to do
faire honneur à sa parole — to honour [BrE] one's promise
avec honneur — [servir] honourably [BrE]
dans l'honneur — [capituler, se réconcilier] honourably [BrE]
combattre pour l'honneur — to fight as a matter of honour [BrE]
être l'honneur de sa famille — [personne] to be a credit to one's family
2) ( mérite) credit3) ( privilège) honour [BrE]se disputer l'honneur de faire — to fight over the honour [BrE] of
à qui ai-je l'honneur? — fml to whom do I have the honour [BrE] of speaking? sout
à toi l'honneur! — you do the honours [BrE]!
4) ( célébration)être (mis) à l'honneur — [personne] to be honoured [BrE]
mettre quelqu'un à l'honneur — to honour [BrE] somebody
être à l' or en honneur — [chose] to be in favour [BrE]
être remis à l'honneur — [tradition, usage, discipline] to regain favour [BrE]
faire or rendre honneur à quelqu'un — to honour [BrE] somebody
en quel honneur? — (colloq) iron any particular reason why?
5) Jeux ( carte haute) honour [BrE]
2.
honneurs nom masculin pluriel ( distinction) honours [BrE]être accueilli avec les honneurs réservés aux chefs d'État — to be received with the ceremony reserved for heads of State
rendre les honneurs à — Armée ( funèbres) to pay the last honours [BrE] to; ( militaires) to honour [BrE]
••en tout bien tout honneur — ( sans arrière-pensées) with no hidden motive
il est venu prendre un verre, mais c'était en tout bien tout honneur — he came round for a drink but that's all there was to it
* * *ɔnœʀ nm1) (= dignité, réputation) honour Grande-Bretagne honor USA2) (= mérite)"j'ai l'honneur de..." — "I have the honour Grande-Bretagne of...", "I have the honor USA of..."
en l'honneur de [personne] — in honour Grande-Bretagne of, in honor USA of, [événement] on the occasion of
être à l'honneur — to be in the place of honour Grande-Bretagne to be in the place of honor USA
être en honneur; être à l'honneur — to be in favour Grande-Bretagne to be in favor USA
faire honneur à [engagements] — to honour Grande-Bretagne to honor USA, [famille, professeur] to be a credit to, [repas] to do justice to
* * *A nm1 ( fierté) honourGB ¢; sens de l'honneur sense of honourGB; homme d'honneur man of honourGB; l'honneur est sauf my/our etc honourGB is safe; porter atteinte à/laver l'honneur de qn to cast a slur on/to avenge sb's honourGB; mettre son honneur en jeu to put one's honourGB at stake; mettre or se faire un point d'honneur à faire to make it a point of honourGB to do; promettre sur l'honneur to promise on one's honourGB; s'être engagé sur l'honneur à faire to be honourGB bound to do; sauver l'honneur de qn to uphold the honourGB of sb; l'honneur national national pride; sauver l'honneur to save face; faire appel à l'honneur de qn to appeal to sb's sense of honourGB; faire honneur à sa parole/ses engagements to honourGB one's word/one's commitments; avec honneur [servir] honourablyGB; dans l'honneur [capituler, se réconcilier] honourablyGB; jouer pour l'honneur to play for the love of it; combattre pour l'honneur to fight as a matter of honourGB; être l'honneur de sa famille/son école [personne] to be a credit to one's family/one's school;2 ( mérite) credit; votre honnêteté vous fait honneur your honesty does you credit; ces mots sont l'honneur de leur auteur these words do credit to their author; c'est l'honneur de qn d'avoir fait it's to sb's credit that he/she etc did; ce fut tout à leur honneur d'avoir fait it was all credit to them that they did; l'honneur de la victoire revient à credit for the victory is due to;3 ( privilège) honourGB; avoir l'honneur de faire to have the honourGB of doing; accorder/faire à qn l'honneur de faire to give/do sb the honourGB of doing ; laisser à qn l'honneur de faire to let sb have the honourGB of doing; c'est un honneur de faire it's an honourGB to do; c'est un grand honneur pour qn de faire it's a great honourGB for sb to do; se disputer l'honneur de qch/de faire to fight over the honourGB of sth/of doing; à qui ai-je l'honneur? fml to whom do I have the honourGB of speaking? sout; honneur au perdant! loser goes first!; à toi l'honneur! you do the honoursGB!; vous me faites trop d'honneur you flatter me; j'ai l'honneur de vous informer du fait que I beg to inform you that; j'ai l'honneur de solliciter de votre bienveillance l'autorisation de faire I would respectfully request permission to do; d'honneur [escalier, cour] main; ⇒ seigneur;4 ( célébration) être (mis) à l'honneur [personne] to be honouredGB; mettre qn à l'honneur to honourGB sb; être à l' or en honneur [chose] to be in favourGB; être remis à l'honneur [tradition, usage, discipline] to regain favourGB; remise à l'honneur (de tradition, mot) renewed popularity; faire or rendre honneur à qn to honourGB sb; faire honneur à un repas to do justice to a meal; honneur à celui/ceux qui all praise to him/those who; en l'honneur de qn in sb's honourGB; en l'honneur de qch in honourGB of sth; en quel honneur○? iron any particular reason why?; en quel honneur êtes-vous en retard? any particular reason why you're late?;5 Jeux ( carte haute) honourGB.B honneurs nmpl ( distinction) honoursGB; rechercher/refuser les honneurs to seek/shun honoursGB; avec les honneurs (de la guerre) [s'en sortir, être éliminé, partir] honourablyGB; avec (tous) les honneurs dus à leur rang with all the honourGB due to their rank; être accueilli avec les honneurs réservés aux chefs d'État to be received with the ceremony reserved for heads of State; rendre les honneurs à Mil ( funèbres) to pay the last honoursGB to; ( militaires) to honourGB; la richesse et les honneurs wealth and glory; faire les honneurs de la maison à qn to show sb around the house, to do sb the honoursGB of the house†; avoir les honneurs de la presse [personne, événement] to be mentioned in the press.en tout bien tout honneur ( sans arrière-pensées) with no hidden motive; il l'a invitée à dîner en tout bien tout honneur he invited her out to dinner with no ulterior motive; il est venu prendre un verre, mais c'était en tout bien tout honneur he came round for a drink but that's all there was to it.[ɔnɶr] nom masculin1. [dignité] honourl'honneur est sauf my/his etc. honour is saved ou intactmettre un point d'honneur à ou se faire un point d'honneur de faire quelque chose to make a point of honour of doing something2. [mérite]3. [marque de respect] honourc'est un honneur pour moi de vous présenter... it's a great privilege for me to introduce to you...nous avons l'honneur de vous informer que... we have the pleasure of informing you that...4. [titre]votre/son Honneur Your/His Honour5. (locution)faire honneur à quelque chose: faire honneur à ses engagements/sa signature to honour one's commitments/signatureils ont fait honneur à ma cuisine/mon gigot they did justice to my cooking/leg of lamb————————honneurs nom masculin pluriel1. [cérémonie] honours2. [distinction]briguer ou rechercher les honneurs to seek public recognitionà l'honneur locution adjectivaleles organisateurs de l'exposition ont voulu que la sculpture soit à l'honneur the exhibition organizers wanted sculpture to take pride of place————————d'honneur locution adjectivale[invité, place, tour] of honour[membre, président] honorary[cour, escalier] mainen honneur locution adjectivaleen l'honneur de locution prépositionnelleune fête en mon/son honneur a party for me/himce regard noir, c'est en quel honneur? (familier & humoristique) what's that frown in aid of? (UK), what's that frown for?sur l'honneur locution adverbialeupon ou on one's honour -
7 μετέρχομαι
μετέρχομαι, [dialect] Aeol. and [dialect] Dor. [full] πεδέρχομαι, Pi.N.7.74, Theoc.29.25: [tense] fut.Aμετελεύσομαι Il.6.280
(in [dialect] Att. the [tense] impf. and [tense] fut. are borrowed from μέτειμι, q. v.):— come or go among, c. dat. pl., Od.1.134, 6.222: freq. abs. in part., μετελθών if he came among them, Il.4.539, etc.; of a leader, στίχας.. Ἄρης ὄτρυνε μετελθών having gone between the ranks, 5.461, cf. 13.351.2 go among with hostile purpose, attack,λέων ἀγέληφι μετελθών 16.487
: with a double construction,βουσὶ μετέρχεται ἢ ὀΐεσσιν ἠὲ μετ' ἀγροτέρας ἐλάφους Od.6.132
.II go to another place,πόλινδε μετέρχεο Il.6.86
;μ. εἰς τὸ ἱερόν D.Ep.2.20
; εἰς θεοὺς μ., i.e. die, OGI56.55 (Canopus, iii B.C.); migrate, change one's abode, Hp.Aër.18, PRev.Laws44.11 (iii B.C.); of a slave, to be transferred, PCair.Zen.355.51 (iii B.C.).IV go to seek, go in quest of, c. acc. pers.,Πάριν μετελεύσομαι Il.6.280
, cf. Archil.44, etc.: also c. acc. rei, πατρὸς κλέος εὐρὺ μετέρχομαι I go to seek tidings of my father, Od.3.83: generally, seek, E.El. 582, etc.;τὴν ἐλευθερίαν Th. 1.124
;ἀσκήσει τὸ ἀνδρεῖον μ. Id.2.39
;τὸ πάγχρυσον δέρας Πελίᾳ μ. E.Med.6
;ἰατρόν τινι μ. Ar.Ec. 363
.2 in hostile sense, pursue, Il.5.456, 21.422: metaph.,Ὀροίτεα τίσιες μετῆλθον Hdt.3.126
;ἡ Πυθίη μ. αὐτὸν τοισίδε τοῖσι ἔπεσι Id.6.86
.γ; Προμηθέα κλοπῆς δίκη μετῆλθεν Pl.Prt. 322a
; in legal sense, prosecute,μ. φονέα Antipho 1.10
; punish,τινὰς ταῖς ἐσχάταις τιμωρίαις μ. Lycurg.116
: c. acc. rei, seek to avenge,ὑβρισθέντας γάμους E.IT14
: c. dupl. acc. pers. et rei, visit a crime upon..,μ. ἁρπαγὰς Ἑλένης Ἰλίου πόλιν Id.Cyc. 280
, cf. Or. 423; : later c. gen., J.AJ1.4.2, Longus 1.12.3 of things, go after, attend to,ἔργα μετερχόμενος Od.16.314
;μετέρχεο ἔργα γάμοιο Il.5.429
; prosecute, pursue a business, ;τὰ ἐγκλήματα Th.1.34
; , etc.; μ. ἄλλων πημάτων κακὰς ὁδούς narrate them, E. Ion 930;μ. ἴχνος Pl.Tht. 187e
.4 claim at law, προῖκα ὀφείλεσθαι Mitteis Chr.88.20 (ii A.D.); οἱ μετερχόμενοι the claimants, PGnom.35 (ii A.D.).5 approach with prayer or sacrifice,θεὸν εὐχαῖσιν E.Ba. 713
; : with inf. added, ἐγώ σε μ. τῶν θεῶν εἰπεῖν τὠληθές I beseech you by the gods to speak the truth, Id.6.68, cf. 69;πὲρρ ἁπαλῶ στύματός σε πεδέρχομαι ὀμνάσθην Theoc.29.25
.6 court, woo a woman, Pi.I.7(6).7.2 of honours, pass, descend,εἰς τοὺς παῖδάς τινος IG12(9).906.20
(Chalcis, iii A.D.).Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > μετέρχομαι
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8 Holden, Sir Isaac
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 7 May 1807 Hurlet, between Paisley and Glasgow, Scotlandd. 13 August 1897[br]British developer of the wool-combing machine.[br]Isaac Holden's father, who had the same name, had been a farmer and lead miner at Alston in Cumbria before moving to work in a coal-mine near Glasgow. After a short period at Kilbarchan grammar school, the younger Isaac was engaged first as a drawboy to two weavers and then, after the family had moved to Johnstone, Scotland, worked in a cotton-spinning mill while attending night school to improve his education. He was able to learn Latin and bookkeeping, but when he was about 15 he was apprenticed to an uncle as a shawl-weaver. This proved to be too much for his strength so he returned to scholastic studies and became Assistant to an able teacher, John Kennedy, who lectured on physics, chemistry and history, which he also taught to his colleague. The elder Isaac died in 1826 and the younger had to provide for his mother and younger brother, but in 1828, at the age of 21, he moved to a teaching post in Leeds. He filled similar positions in Huddersfield and Reading, where in October 1829 he invented and demonstrated the lucifer match but did not seek to exploit it. In 1830 he returned because of ill health to his mother in Scotland, where he began to teach again. However, he was recommended as a bookkeeper to William Townend, member of the firm of Townend Brothers, Cullingworth, near Bingley, Yorkshire. Holden moved there in November 1830 and was soon involved in running the mill, eventually becoming a partner.In 1833 Holden urged Messrs Townend to introduce seven wool-combing machines of Collier's designs, but they were found to be very imperfect and brought only trouble and loss. In 1836 Holden began experimenting on the machines until they showed reasonable success. He decided to concentrate entirely on developing the combing machine and in 1846 moved to Bradford to form an alliance with Samuel Lister. A joint patent in 1847 covered improvements to the Collier combing machine. The "square motion" imitated the action of the hand-comber more closely and was patented in 1856. Five more patents followed in 1857 and others from 1858 to 1862. Holden recommended that the machines should be introduced into France, where they would be more valuable for the merino trade. This venture was begun in 1848 in the joint partnership of Lister \& Holden, with equal shares of profits. Holden established a mill at Saint-Denis, first with Donisthorpe machines and then with his own "square motion" type. Other mills were founded at Rheims and at Croix, near Roubaix. In 1858 Lister decided to retire from the French concerns and sold his share to Holden. Soon after this, Holden decided to remodel all their machinery for washing and carding the gill machines as well as perfecting the square comb. Four years of excessive application followed, during which time £20,000 was spent in experiments in a small mill at Bradford. The result fully justified the expenditure and the Alston Works was built in Bradford.Holden was a Liberal and from 1865 to 1868 he represented Knaresborough in Parliament. Later he became the Member of Parliament for the Northern Division of the Riding, Yorkshire, and then for the town of Keighley after the constituencies had been altered. He was liberal in his support of religious, charitable and political objectives. His house at Oakworth, near Keighley, must have been one of the earliest to have been lit by electricity.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBaronet 1893.Bibliography1847, with Samuel Lister, British patent no. 11,896 (improved Collier combing machine). 1856. British patent no. 1,058 ("square motion" combing machine).1857. British patent no. 278 1857, British patent no. 279 1857, British patent no. 280 1857, British patent no. 281 1857, British patent no. 3,177 1858, British patent no. 597 1859, British patent no. 52 1860, British patent no. 810 1862, British patent no. 1,890 1862, British patent no. 3,394Further ReadingJ.Hogg (ed.), c.1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (provides an account of Holden's life).Obituary, 1897, Engineer 84.Obituary, 1897, Engineering 64.E.M.Sigsworth, 1973, "Sir Isaac Holden, Bt: the first comber in Europe", in N.B.Harte and K.G.Ponting (eds), Textile History and Economic History, Essays in Honour ofMiss Julia de Lacy Mann, Manchester.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (provides a good explanation of the square motion combing machine).RLH -
9 Field, Cyrus West
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 30 November 1819 Stockbridge, Massachusetts, USAd. 12 July 1892 New York City, New York, USA[br]American financier and entrepreneur noted for his successful promotion of the first transatlantic telegraph cable.[br]At the age of 15 Field left home to seek his fortune in New York, starting work on Broadway as an errand boy for $1 per week. Returning to Massachusetts, in 1838 he became an assistant to his brother Matthew, a paper-maker, leaving to set up his own business two years later. By the age of 21 he was also a partner in a New York firm of paper wholesalers, but this firm collapsed because of large debts. Out of the wreckage he set up Cyrus W.Field \& Co., and by 1852 he had paid off all the debts. With $250,000 in the bank he therefore retired and travelled in South America. Returning to the USA, he then became involved with the construction of a telegraph line in Newfoundland by an English engineer, F.N. Osborne. Although the company collapsed, he had been fired by the dream of a transatlantic cable and in 1854 was one of the founders of the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company. He began to promote surveys and hold discussions with British telegraph pioneers and with Isambard Brunel, who was then building the Great Eastern steamship. In 1856 he helped to set up the Atlantic Telegraph Company in Britain and, as a result of his efforts and those of the British physicist and inventor Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), work began in 1857 on the laying of the first transatlantic cable from Newfoundland to Ireland. After many tribulations the cable was completed on 5 August 1857, but it failed after barely a month. Following several unsuccessful attempts to repair and replace it, the cable was finally completed on 27 July 1866. Building upon his success, Field expanded his business interests. In 1877 he bought a controlling interest in and was President of the New York Elevated Railroad Company. He also helped develop the Wabash Railroad and became owner of the New York Mail and Express newspaper; however, he subsequently suffered large financial losses.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCongressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingA.C.Clarke, 1958, Voice Across the Sea, London: Frederick Muller (describes the development of the transatlantic telegraph).H.M.Field, 1893, Story of the Atlantic Telegraph (also describes the transatlantic telegraph development).L.J.Judson (ed.), 1893, Cyrus W.Field: His Life and Work (a complete biography).KF -
10 Voisin, Gabriel
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 5 February 1880 Belleville-sur-Saône, Franced. 25 December 1973 Ozenay, France[br]French manufacturer of aeroplanes in the early years of aviation.[br]Gabriel Voisin was one of a group of aviation pioneers working in France c. 1905. One of the leaders of this group was a rich lawyer-sportsman, Ernest Archdeacon. For a number of years they had been building gliders based on those of the Wright brothers. Archdeacon's glider of 1904 was flown by Voisin, who went on to assist in the design and manufacture of gliders for Archdeacon and Louis Blériot, including successful float-gliders. Gabriel Voisin was joined by his brother Charles in 1905 and they set up the first commercial aircraft factory. As the Voisins had limited funds, they had to seek customers who could afford to indulge in the fashionable hobby of flying. One was Santos- Dumont, who commissioned Voisin to build his "14 bis" aeroplane in 1906.Early in 1907 the Voisins built their first powered aeroplane, but it was not a success.Later that year they completed a biplane for a Paris sculptor, Léon Delagrange, and another for Henri Farman. The basic Voisin was a biplane with the engine behind the pilot and a "pusher" propeller. Pitching was controlled by biplane elevators forward of the pilot and rudders were fitted to the box kite tail, but there was no control of roll.Improvements were gradually introduced by the Voisins and their customers, such as Farman. Incidentally, to flatter their clients the Voisins often named the aircraft after them, thus causing some confusion to historians. Many Voisins were built up until 1910, when the company's fortunes sank. Competition was growing, the factory was flooded, and Charles left. Gabriel started again, building robust biplanes of steel construction. Voisin bombers were widely used during the First World War, and a subsidiary factory was built in Russia.In August 1917, Voisin sold his business when the French Air Ministry decided that Voisin aeroplanes were obsolete and that the factory should be turned over to the building of engines. After the war he started another business making prefabricated houses, and then turned to manufacturing motor cars. From 1919 to 1939 his company produced various models, mainly for the luxury end of the market but also including a few sports and racing cars. In the early 1950s he designed a small two-seater, which was built by the Biscuter company in Spain. The Voisin company finally closed in 1958.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1909. Académie des Sciences Gold Medal 1909.Bibliography1961, Mes dix milles cerfs-volants, France; repub. 1963 as Men, Women and 10,000 Kites, London (autobiography; an eminent reviewer said, "it contains so many demonstrable absurdities, untruths and misleading statements, that one does not know how much of the rest one can believe").1962, Mes Mille et un voitures, France (covers his cars).Further ReadingC.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (includes an account of Voisin's contribution to aviation and a list of his early aircraft).Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, London; reprinted 1990 (provides details of Voisin's 1914–18 aircraft).E.Chadeau, 1987, L'Industrie aéronautique en France 1900–1950, de Blériot à Dassault, Paris.G.N.Georgano, 1968, Encyclopedia of Motor Cars 1885 to the Present, New York (includes brief descriptions of Voisin's cars).JDS -
11 Bessemer, Sir Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, Englandd. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England[br]English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.[br]The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.Bibliography1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.LRD
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Mozart in Italy — A portrait of Mozart, aged 14, in Verona, 1770, by Saverio dalla Rosa (1745–1821) Between 1769 and 1773, the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his father Leopold Mozart made three Italian journeys. The first, an extended tour of 15 months, was… … Wikipedia
John XXIII — (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) 1881 1963, Italian ecclesiastic: pope 1958 63. * * * orig. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli born Nov. 25, 1881, Sotto il Monte, Italy died June 3, 1963, Rome Pope (1958–63). He studied theology in Rome, was ordained a priest in … Universalium
Josiah — Healed by Jehovah, or Jehovah will support. The son of Amon, and his successor on the throne of Judah (2 Kings 22:1; 2 Chr. 34:1). His history is contained in 2 Kings 22, 23. He stands foremost among all the kings of the line of David for… … Easton's Bible Dictionary
ancient Rome — ▪ ancient state, Europe, Africa, and Asia Introduction the state centred on the city of Rome. This article discusses the period from the founding of the city and the regal period, which began in 753 BC, through the events leading to the… … Universalium
France — /frans, frahns/; Fr. /frddahonns/, n. 1. Anatole /ann nann tawl /, (Jacques Anatole Thibault), 1844 1924, French novelist and essayist: Nobel prize 1921. 2. a republic in W Europe. 58,470,421; 212,736 sq. mi. (550,985 sq. km). Cap.: Paris. 3.… … Universalium
Germany — /jerr meuh nee/, n. a republic in central Europe: after World War II divided into four zones, British, French, U.S., and Soviet, and in 1949 into East Germany and West Germany; East and West Germany were reunited in 1990. 84,068,216; 137,852 sq.… … Universalium
Religion in ancient Rome — Ancient Roman religion Marcus Aurelius (head covered) sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter … Wikipedia
china — /chuy neuh/, n. 1. a translucent ceramic material, biscuit fired at a high temperature, its glaze fired at a low temperature. 2. any porcelain ware. 3. plates, cups, saucers, etc., collectively. 4. figurines made of porcelain or ceramic material … Universalium
China — /chuy neuh/, n. 1. People s Republic of, a country in E Asia. 1,221,591,778; 3,691,502 sq. mi. (9,560,990 sq. km). Cap.: Beijing. 2. Republic of. Also called Nationalist China. a republic consisting mainly of the island of Taiwan off the SE coast … Universalium
Imperial cult (ancient Rome) — Ancient Roman religion Marcus Aurelius (head covered) sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter … Wikipedia
United Kingdom — a kingdom in NW Europe, consisting of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: formerly comprising Great Britain and Ireland 1801 1922. 58,610,182; 94,242 sq. mi. (244,100 sq. km). Cap.: London. Abbr.: U.K. Official name, United Kingdom of Great… … Universalium
